Iron Studies, Comprehensive

Iron is an essential micronutrient that is required by the body in trace amounts. Iron plays an essential role in a number of body activities. The most important role of iron is that it regulates the formation and functioning of red blood cells or RBCs. Iron is an integral part of a protein called hemoglobin present in the RBCs. RBCs transport oxygen from the lungs to other body tissues.

Iron is not produced by the body and its only source is diet. Only a minute quantity of iron is required by the body. Most of the iron obtained from the food is found in hemoglobin present inside the RBCs. Excess iron absorbed from food is stored as ferritin, and a small amount is present in myoglobin and enzymes. Ferritin is stored in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and skeletal muscles. When the iron level in the blood drops, it is recovered from these stored iron reserves.

The protein transferrin is produced by the liver and transports iron to different parts of the body for utilization or storage. Low levels of transferrin can impair the transport of iron for utilization or storage and may give rise to symptoms of iron deficiency or overdose. Transferrin is a negative acute phase reactant which means that its level decreases in case of inflammation in the body. It is the primary iron-transporting protein in the body and most of the free iron remains bound to it.

The following tests are performed apart from the Total Iron Binding Capacity Test to measure the iron levels of the body and results are interpreted accordingly:

·         Serum Iron Test measures the levels of iron present in the blood.

·         Transferrin Test measures the levels of transferrin present in blood both bound and unbound with iron.

·         Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC) Test measures the transferrin reserve of the body, or the amount of transferrin not saturated with iron.

·         Transferrin Saturation Test is performed to determine the amount of transferrin that is saturated with iron. In normal conditions, approximately one-third of transferrin is bound to and saturated with iron.

·         Ferritin Test measures the amount of the protein ferritin in blood. Ferritin is the primary iron storage protein of the body.

A low ferritin level, indicates iron deficiency, while an excess build up of ferritin can be suggestive of a condition called hemochromatosis that can cause organ and tissue damage. Higher than the normal levels can also indicate other serious medical conditions such as liver disease and cancer.

Iron is an essential micronutrient that is required by the body in trace amounts. It plays an essential role in the formation and functioning of red blood cells or RBCs. RBCs transport oxygen from the lungs to other body tissues.

Ferritin is stored in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and skeletal muscles. When iron levels in the blood drop, it is recovered from these stored iron reserves.

Iron deficiency may occur due to insufficient dietary consumption of iron, excessive loss of blood from injuries, bleeding during periods, during pregnancy, etc. Iron deficiency could also be because of diseases like Celiac disease which prevent absorption of nutrients from food.

 Increased ferritin levels in the blood may occur due to excess iron consumption through diet or iron supplements, multiple blood transfusions within a short duration, liver damage, alcoholism, or due to conditions like hemochromatosis where the body absorbs excessive iron from food. 

Ferritin Test is performed in combination with other iron measurement tests like Iron Test, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) Test, and Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC) Test. The results are interpreted accordingly.